Penis cancer, though rare, is on the rise, with experts predicting a significant increase by 2050. While developing countries traditionally had the highest rates of penis cancer, the numbers are now climbing in European countries as well. This upward trend can be attributed to various factors, including an aging population. People over the age of 50 are at a higher risk of developing penis cancer. Other risk factors include a constricted foreskin, poor genital hygiene, and smoking tobacco.
Squamous cells in the skin of the penis are responsible for over 90% of penis cancer cases. Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) has been detected in approximately half of squamous cell cancer cases. HPV is primarily spread through skin contact and is one of the most commonly transmitted sexual infections. While over 70% of sexually active adults may contract HPV infections, they often do not exhibit symptoms and can clear up on their own over time. Unfortunately, previous HPV infection does not guarantee protection against future infections. Persistent HPV infections beneath the skin surface can lead to pre-malignant changes in the skin texture and color of the penis.
Diagnosing penis cancer can be delayed due to feelings of guilt or embarrassment among patients. Many men resort to self-medicating with creams while avoiding seeking medical help. In some cases, doctors may also misclassify lesions as benign, further delaying diagnosis. Speedy diagnosis and treatment are crucial, especially if malignant cells have spread to the groin lymph glands, as it significantly lowers the chances of a cure.
Cancerous tissue can often be successfully removed using laser or micro-surgery, with the possibility of combining it with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for a more comprehensive approach. However, there are instances where tumors do not respond well to treatment, necessitating the amputation of the penis as a last resort. Brazil has been reported to have one of the highest rates of penis amputations, with nearly two procedures being carried out daily.
Despite these challenges, there is optimism for the future of penis cancer treatment. New approaches, such as the use of engineered T cells or immunotherapies like tislelizumab, have shown effectiveness in combating HPV-infected cells and improving immune responses to squamous cell tumors. While the effects of HPV vaccines have been successful in reducing cervical cancer rates, their impact on penis cancer rates may take longer to become evident due to the extended period between HPV infection and the emergence of cancer symptoms.
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